of Castile

5.卡斯蒂利亚女王伊莎贝拉一世

Lived: 1451—1504

Nation:Spain

Peak Wealth/Global GDP:1%

As one of the richest monarchs in the world,it didn't seem like things could get much better for Queen Isabel I of Castile—until she consolidated her control over all of Spain by marrying her cousin Ferdinand of the time of her death,Castile's crown had an annual income of about 1.45 million ducats,the gold coin that served as Spain's also ruled over Spain during a boom in its wool and textile industries,and personally possessed some of the most valuable jewels and tapestries in the world at the time.

时代：1451—1504

国家：西班牙

财富峰值在全球GDP 占比：1%

作为世上最富有的君主之一，卡斯蒂利亚女王伊莎贝拉一世的地位已经是尊崇荣耀、无以复加。等到她嫁给堂弟阿拉贡的斐迪南时，她的权力更是覆及整个西班牙。在她过世时，卡斯蒂利亚君王的年收入约为1 4 5 万达克特（当时西班牙的通行货币）。其统治正逢西班牙羊毛和纺织业的鼎盛时期。此外，她个人还拥有许多当时世上价值连城的珠宝和壁毯。 □

Historically,women have had a tough time getting rich.历史上，女性在致富道路上历尽艰难。2 Everything from male primogeniture rules to laws preventing women from holding property have limited the number of female tycoons through the ages.The few that did amass large fortunes typically inherited them from men in their family.“Women with huge personal wealth are a modern phenomenon,”says Walter Scheidel,a professor of ancient history at Stanford 几个世纪以来，无论是长子继承制还是女子不得享有财产的法律都限制了女性富豪的数量。仅有的几个也不过是典型的继承者，她们积累的大量财富是从家族中男性成员那里继承而来。斯坦福大学古代历史专业教授沃尔特·沙伊德尔指出：“女性拥有大量个人财富是现代才有的现象。”3 Which is why,when we compiled a ranking of the 10 richest people in history last year,the list featured only men.That ranking was challenging in its own way—comparing the wealth of individuals across different eras and geographies in an apples-to-apples way isn't easy—so we borrowed a technique developed by the historians and economists at MeasuringWorth,which compares an individual's wealth to total global economic output at the time,but in addition,we've chosen to focus on only those women who went beyond just inheritance and took an active business or political role in managing their fortunes,even if they originally acquired them from fathers or you won't find women like Walmart widow Christy Walton and heiress Alice Walton,who have never had a hand in the day-to-day operations of the 这也是为什么去年我们整理“史上十大富豪”排名榜单时发现入榜的竟全是男性。这份榜单在整理时充满挑战——以两两相较的方式对不同时代、不同地域的个人财富量进行比较并非易事，因此我们借用了一项由世界货币价值研究网的历史学家和经济学家共同研发的测量技术。这种技术将个人财富量与当时全球经济产出总量进行对比。于此之外，我们决定只注重那些除遗产继承之外还在财富管理上积极经营或掌握实权的女性富豪们，即便她们最初的财产是从父亲或者丈夫手中继承而来。所以，在这份榜单中你不会看到沃尔玛继承人的遗孀克里斯蒂·沃尔顿及创始人长女爱丽丝·沃尔顿，因为她们从未插手公司的日常运营。4 You also won't see wealthy royals like English monarchs Victoria and Elizabeth I on the list,or Egyptian queen each controlled power and money aplenty,none held a sufficient share of the world's riches to make the ,in modern times,billionaire business tycoons like Oprah Winfrey1美国著名脱口秀女主持人。and Theranos2血液检测公司。founder Elizabeth Holmes—with fortunes of $3 billion and $4.5 billion,respectively—aren't flush enough relative to global GDP to be 在这份榜单上你也不会看到诸如英国女王维多利亚和伊丽莎白一世，或者埃及王后纳芙蒂蒂这样富有的王室成员。尽管她们每个人都拥有无上权力和无尽财富，但其财富却不足以让她们在世界总财富中占据一席之地。同样，榜单中也不会出现像奥普拉·温弗瑞以及Theranos 创始人伊丽莎白·霍姆斯这样的现代亿万商业巨贾，尽管她们分别拥有30 亿美元和45 亿美元的财产，但相较于全球生产总值，她们算不上特别有钱。5 To compile our list,we consulted nearly 30 historians and researched dozens of likely follows is a meticulous—if debatable—ranking of the wealthiest women in 为了编写榜单，我们咨询了近30 位历史学家并对数十位可能入榜者进行了调研。尽管仍可能存在争议，但下面呈现的是我们精心整理出?Wu1.武则天Lived:624—705 ADNation:ChinaPeak Wealth/Global GDP:22.7%You don't become the richest woman of all time without a little Chinese empress rose to power as the concubine of two Tang Dynasty emperors,who were father and son.When the son,Emperor Gaozong,gained power,Wu was ruthless in eliminating rivals for his reportedly killed her own week-old daughter and pinned the crime on one of Gaozong's main consorts,Empress Wang,who was imprisoned and Gaozong died,Wu forced her own sons to abdicate and was named court administrator,a position equivalent to tactics paid off for China's economy: Under her 15-year reign,the empire expanded its domain far into central Asia,making it one of the largest in the world at the wealth flourished thanks to the trade of tea and silk with western nations along the Silk Road—with more than 300 million units of currency ultimately produced during the Tang Dynasty.时代：624—705国家：中国财富峰值在全球GDP 占比：22.7%没有一点儿杀戮你是无法入围史上女富豪榜单的。这位中国女皇曾为大唐父子两代皇帝的宠妃，而后独掌皇权。高宗在位时，武则天为了独享圣宠，不择手段排除异己。据说她曾杀害自己一周大的女儿，转而嫁祸给当时的王皇后，最终致其入狱被害。高宗一死，她便逼迫自己的两个儿子相继退位并自己临朝称制，位同皇帝。她治国有方，在国家经济上卓有成效。在她统治的15年里，大唐的疆土远扩至中亚，成为当时世界上最大的国家之一。此外，大唐与丝绸之路沿途的西方国家进行茶叶、丝绸贸易，国家财富巨增。最终，有唐一代创造了超过30 .哈谢普苏Lived:1507—1458 BCNation:EgyptPeak Wealth/Global GDP:about 20%In order to rule as Egypt's first female pharaoh, Hatshepsut worked hard to convince her subjects that her reign was the will of the gods. And who could blame her: At stake was control of gold mines with an output that would be worth $2 billion today. She rose to power after the death of her husband (and half-brother), Thutmose II, and went on to control one of the largest empires in the ancient world, with lands that extended beyond Egypt's borders into the Middle East. During her two decades of rule, she also exercised control over mines with vast stores of gold, copper, and precious stones.时代：前1507—前1458国家：埃及财富峰值在全球GDP 占比：约20%为了成为埃及第一位女法老，哈谢普苏费心尽力令百姓相信她的统治是神的旨意。而金矿在握，其产值相当于现在的20 亿美元，谁又能怪她呢？她的丈夫图特摩斯二世（她同父异母的兄弟）死后，她便独揽大权，继而成为这个古代最强帝国之一的统治者，其时埃及疆土已延至中东。在她统治的20年中，她还控制了储量丰沛的金、铜以及各种珍稀?the GreatLived:1729—1796Nation:RussiaPeak Wealth/Global GDP:5.4%Catherine the Great's moniker may refer not only to her political might but also to her fortune,which today would give her economic power equal to about $1.5 's rule over Russia,historically one of the largest empires in terms of land,gave her control of about 5% of global GDP at the 's longestreigning female also held authority over the Russian Orthodox Church,which controlled about one-third of the empire's serfs,or indentured most Russians' lives did not improve during Catherine's rule,their labor drove some of the empire's most ambitious military expeditions and cultural 叶卡捷琳娜二世时代：1729—1796国家：俄国财富峰值在全球GDP 占比：5.4%叶卡捷琳娜二世（后世尊称其为叶卡捷琳娜大帝）的名号指的不仅仅是她的政治地位，同时也指她所拥有的财富。她的财富总值相当于现今的1.5万亿美元左右。俄国在历史上曾是土地面积最大的帝国之一，叶卡捷琳娜二世对俄国的统治让她在当时掌控了全球GDP 的5%左右。这位在位时间最长的俄国女君主还是俄国东正教的权威，此教派控制着俄国大约三分之一的农奴或契约佣工。尽管在叶卡捷琳娜二世统治期间，大多数俄国人民的生活并没有得到改善，但是民众的劳作还是推动了俄国的部分军事扩张大业以及文化项目.克娄巴特拉Lived:69—30 BCNation:EgyptPeak Wealth/Global GDP:about 2.6%Cleopatra,one of the world's bestknown female rulers,is remembered as much for her wealth as for her skills of political Egypt's pharaoh,Cleopatra controlled some of the nation's largest industries at the time,such as wheat,papyrus and unguents,which gave her an approximate annual income of 12,000 to 15,000 Egyptian net worth has been estimated as high as $95.8 ,Cleopatra wasn't always able to afford her life of luxury in her own right: She borrowed heavily from foreign leaders to finance the many wars she waged during her reign.时代：前69—前30国家：埃及财富峰值在全球GDP 占比：约2.6%作为世上最知名的女性统治者之一，克娄巴特拉为世人所铭记不仅是因为她高深的政治手段，还因为她的巨额财富。作为埃及的法老，克娄巴特拉掌控了当时国家的一些重要行业，例如小麦、莎草纸和药膏行业。这些令她的年收入相当于1.2万至1.5 万埃及人的收入总额。据评估她的资产净值高达958 亿美元。尽管如此，克娄巴特拉还是无法仅凭自己来维持其奢靡的生活：在统治期间，她不得不举债他国元首来为她发动的诸多战 of Castile5.卡斯蒂利亚女王伊莎贝拉一世Lived: 1451—1504Nation:SpainPeak Wealth/Global GDP:1%As one of the richest monarchs in the world,it didn't seem like things could get much better for Queen Isabel I of Castile—until she consolidated her control over all of Spain by marrying her cousin Ferdinand of the time of her death,Castile's crown had an annual income of about 1.45 million ducats,the gold coin that served as Spain's also ruled over Spain during a boom in its wool and textile industries,and personally possessed some of the most valuable jewels and tapestries in the world at the time.时代：1451—1504国家：西班牙财富峰值在全球GDP 占比：1%作为世上最富有的君主之一，卡斯蒂利亚女王伊莎贝拉一世的地位已经是尊崇荣耀、无以复加。等到她嫁给堂弟阿拉贡的斐迪南时，她的权力更是覆及整个西班牙。在她过世时，卡斯蒂利亚君王的年收入约为1 4 5 万达克特（当时西班牙的通行货币）。其统治正逢西班牙羊毛和纺织业的鼎盛时期。此外，她个人还拥有许多当时世上价值连城的珠宝和壁毯。 □（ 未完待续）

文章来源：《财富生活》 网址: http://www.cfshzz.cn/qikandaodu/2020/0809/543.html